Explanation | Booting of Computer – Warm and Cold Booting | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss About Booting of Computer – Warm and Cold Booting... So Let's Start...

Booting of Computer – Warm and Cold Booting:-

Booting of computer is the process of powering it on and starting the operating system. Booting loads the first piece of software that starts a computer. Because the operating system is essential for running all other programs, it is usually the first piece of software loaded during the boot process. 

Cold Booting:

Cold boot is the process of starting a computer from a powered-down, or off state. Cold boot is also called as hard boot. 

Warm Booting:

Warm boot refers to restarting a computer that is already turned on via the operating system. Restarting it returns the computer to its initial state. A warm boot is sometimes necessary when a program encounters an error from which it cannot recover. On PCs, you can perform a warm boot by pressing the Control, Alt, and Delete keys simultaneously. On Macs, you can perform a warm boot by pressing the Restart button.

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Explanation | Types of Processors | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss About Types Of Processors... So Let's Start...

Types of Processors:-

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. 

Basically there are two types of processors which are manufactured by two companies and they are Intel and AMD. Now there are a number of varieties available in both Intel and AMD. 

Intel offers Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III, Pentium II and III Xeon, Celeron with Pentium III Based, Pentium 4, Pentium M, Intel Core, Dual Core Xeon LV, Intel Pentium Dual Core, Intel Core 2, Pentium Duo, Pentium Dual Core, Core 2 Quad, Intel Pentium 2 Dual Core Processor. 

AMD processors include AMD Athlon, AMD Athlon 64, AMD Athlon X2, AMD Athlon Xp, AMD Duron, AMD Sempron, AMD Turion, MD Opteron and AMD Phenom 1. 

Moreover, there are various processors offered by various companies like Macintosh processor. In other words different processors are used for different types of technology.

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Explanation | (PC) Personal Computer And Its Uses | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss About (PC) Personal

Computer And Its Uses... So Let's Start...

Personal Computer:-

A personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator. This is in contrast to the batch processing or time-sharing models which allowed large expensive mainframe systems to be used by many people, usually at the same time, or large data processing systems which required a full-time staff to operate efficiently.

A personal computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop, tablet PC or a handheld PC (also called palmtop). Software applications for personal computers include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and e-mail clients, games, and myriad personal productivity and special-purpose software. Modern personal computers often have high-speed or dial-up connections to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources.

A PC may be used at home, or may be found in an office. Personal computers can be connected to a local area network (LAN) either by a cable or wirelessly. While early PC owners usually had to write their own programs to do anything useful with the machines, today's users have access to a wide range of commercial and non-commercial software which is provided in ready-to-run form. Since the 1980s, Microsoft and Intel have dominated much of the personal computer market with the Wintel

platform.

The capabilities of the personal computer have changed greatly since the introduction of electronic computers. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a computer system in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person. The introduction of the microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after 1975.

Uses Of (PC) Personal Computer:-

Sending Emails:

Emails are one of the most pervasive ways to communicate in the business world. Business professionals from executives to marketing analysts use personal computers for sending emails. Secretaries use company emails to apprise other managers and employees of meetings or special functions. Managers often use email to attach and disseminate important documents, such as reports and memos. Additionally, emails can be used externally to inform customers about new products or services. Advertising professionals often send emails out to thousands of businesses at the click of a button to generate leads and product orders.

Creating Documents:

Business professionals frequently use personal computers to create documents, such as memos, reports, business forms, shipping invoices and order forms. Marketing research managers use personal computers to write questionnaires. These questionnaires can then be printed in mass quantities for conducting customer services. Secretaries sometimes use personal computers to print shipping labels for mailing packages. Advertising copywriters use publishing software to produce brochures or fliers on personal computers. A company can also use personal computers to design advertisements or create newsletters.

Creating Spreadsheets:

Business professionals use personal computers to create spreadsheets. For example, a finance manager may create a personal computer spreadsheet to keep track of his company's budget. A spreadsheet is a software application that is divided into many different columns and rows. Each individual section of a spreadsheet is called a cell. The finance manager may enter department names in the rows and types of expenses various departments incur across columns of the spreadsheet. Personal computer spreadsheets are extremely useful for making calculations, as business professionals can create formulas for specific cells. Subsequently, totals will automatically be calculated each time a manager enters additional numbers to the spreadsheet.

Creating Databases

Companies use personal computers to create databases, which are massive lists of names or numbers. The most important consideration when creating a database is deciding what data will be used, according to Inc. magazine. Marketing managers may use personal computer databases to keep track of customers who order products. For example, the marketing manager may enter the date a customer ordered a product and how much they spent. Periodically, the marketing manager may send out brochures or coupons to customers announcing new products or sales. Entrepreneurs may use a personal computer database to track the results of an advertising campaign. That way the advertising manager can determine which ads are profitable.

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Classification of Computers | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss About Classification of Computers... So Let's Start...

Classification of Computers:-

Computers are available in different shapes, sizes and weights, due to these different shapes and sizes they perform different sorts of jobs from one another. They can also be classified in different ways. All the computers are designed by the qualified computer architectures that design these machines as their requirements. A computer that is used in a home differs in size and shape from the computer being used in a hospital. Computers act as a server in large buildings, while the computer also differs in size and shape performing its job as a weather forecaster. A student carrying a laptop with him to his college is different in shape and size from all the computers mentioned above. Computers are classified as follows:

Super computer:

The biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. Governments specially use this type of computer for their different calculations and heavy jobs. Different
industries also use this huge computer for designing their products. In most of the Hollywood's movies it is used for animation purposes. This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide.

Mainframes:

Another giant in computers after the super computer is Mainframe, which can also process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of data. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis.

Minicomputer:

This computer is next in the line but less offers less than mainframe in work and performance. These are the computers, which are mostly preferred by the small type of business personals, colleges, etc.

Personal computers:

Personal computer is the computer mostly preferred by the home users. These computers are lesser in cost than the computers given above and also, small in size; they are also called PCs in short for Personal computers. This computer is small in size. Today this is thought to be the most popular computer in all.

Notebook computers:

Having a small size and low weight the notebook is easy to carry to anywhere. A student can take it with him/her to his/her school in his/her bag with his/her book. This is easy to carry around and preferred by students and business people to meet their  assignments and other necessary tasks. The approach of this computer is also the same as the Personal computer. It can store the same amount of data and having a memory of the same size as that of a personal computer.

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Explanation | Hardware And Software | Types Of Software | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss About Hardware And Software And Types Of Software... So Let's Start...

Hardware:-

Hardware, in the computer world, refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. There are many, many different kinds of hardware that can be installed inside and connected to the outside of a computer. However, there are several standard pieces of hardware that can be found as part of nearly every computer:

• Input Devices - Key board, Mouse..
• CPU - (Brain) Named on model: 80286, 80386, 80486,    Pentium, P-II, Core 2 Duo..
• Output Devices - VDU/Screen, Printer
• Memory - RAM - Active, temporary ROM Permanent.
• Ancillary Storage devices: Floppy, Hard Disk CD   ROM, Tapes etc.
• Scanner, Modem, Digital Camera, Video adopter,   Computer Projector, Slide maker, etc.

Software:-

Software is a general term for the various kinds of
programs used to operate computers and related devices. Software is classified as follows:

System software:

System software refers to the operating system and all utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level. Operating system controls and manages the computing resources.

Examples of operating system: Windows, Unix, MSDOS, Linux, Mac.

Systems software includes compilers, loaders, linkers, and debuggers.

Applications software:

Applications software comprises programs designed for an end user, such as word processors, database systems, and spreadsheet programs. Application software makes computer popular and easy to use. Common application software:

• Microsoft Word, WordPerfect 

• PowerPoint 

• Netscape, Internet Explorer 

• PhotoShop, Photo-Paint 

• Quick Time • Dreamweave

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Explanation | Units of Memory In A Computer | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss about Units Of Memory... So Let's Start...

Units of Memory:-

The memory unit is the principal storage of the computer. All the data and instructions that the 
computer needs at a moment are stored here. All storage devices are characterized with the following features:

1. Speed
2. Volatility
3. Access method
4. Portability
5. Cost and capacity

Linking Memory with the other units:

Basic Units of Measurement:

The components of the computer can recognize only two states that is presence or absence of an electrical signal. Two symbols used to represent these two states are 0 and 1, and are known as BITS (an abbreviation for BInary DigiTS). 0 represents the absence of a signal, 1 represents the presence of a signal. A BIT is, therefore, the smallest unit of data in a computer and can either store a 0 or 1.

Since a single bit can store only one of the two values, there can possibly be only four unique combinations:
00 01 10 11
Bits are, therefore, combined together into larger units in order to hold greater range of values. BYTES are typically a sequence of eight bits put together to create a single computer alphabetical or numerical character. More often referred to in larger multiples, bytes may appear as 

Kilobytes (1,024 bytes), 
Megabytes (1,048,576 bytes), 
GigaBytes (1,073,741,824), 
TeraBytes (approx. 1,099,511,000,000 bytes), or PetaBytes (approx. 1,125,899,900,000,000 bytes).

Bytes are used to quantify the amount of data digitally stored (on disks, tapes) or transmitted 
(over the internet), and are also used to measure the memory and document size.

Types of memory:-

Computers use several different types of memory. They are:

1. Main Memory/Primary Memory units:

– Two most important are

• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read-only Memory)

– They work in different ways and perform distinct         functions
– CPU Registers
– Cache Memory

2. Secondary Memory/Auxiliary Memory:

Also termed as ‘auxiliary’ or ‘backup’ storage, it is typically used as a supplement to main storage. It is much cheaper than the main storage and stores large amount of data and instructions permanently. Hardware devices like magnetic tapes, Floppy Disk, 
Hard Disk, Optical disks, Compact Disk (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD) fall under this category.

Computer’s memory can be classified into two types – RAM and ROM.

RAM or Random Access Memory:

It is the central storage unit in a computer system. It is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs and the data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can be accessed by the computer’s processor. The more RAM a computer has, the more data a computer can manipulate.

Random access memory, also called the Read/Write memory, is the temporary memory of a computer. It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible only as long as the computer is on. The contents of RAM are cleared once the computer is turned off.

ROM or Read Only Memory: 

It is a special type of memory which can only be read and contents of which are not lost even when the computer is switched off. It typically contains manufacturer’s instructions. Among other things, ROM also stores an initial program called the ‘bootstrap loader’ whose function is to start the computer software operating, once the power is turned on.

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Introduction to Computers | Anatomy of Computers | Input and Output Devices | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss about Introduction to Computers, Anatomy of Computers, Input and Output Devices... So Let's Start...

In human affairs we have reached a point where the problems that we must solve are no longer solvable without the aid of computers. I fear not computers but the lack of them. ISAAC ASIMOV

Introduction to Computers:

A computer can be defined as an electronic device capable of processing the data and producing the information.

The computer system essentially comprises three important parts –

1. input device,
2. central processing unit (CPU) and
3. output device.

The CPU itself is made of three components namely,

1. arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
2. memory unit, and
3. control unit.

Components of a computer system:

Central Processing Unit:

On broad basis, a computer performs the following tasks:

Input: 
Sending the data and command to the computer is known as input.

Processing:
Work done by the computer with the help of processing hardware and software to produce results is known as processing.

Output: 
The result displayed by the computer is known as output.

Storage:
A place to save result inside or outside the computer is known as storage.

Anatomy of Computers:
The following are the parts of a desktop computer.

Power Supply:

When you plug your power cable into your computer,
you are actually plugging into a socket in the power
supply unit that has been fitted inside your case. This
component is responsible for converting the 240 volt AC mains power to low voltage DC power needed by
computer components. The power supply generates
+3.3V, +5V, +12V, -5V. These voltages must be constant, right up to the maximum current your system
will draw under load.

Monitor:

Commonly known as a "screen," the monitor gives you a visual display of what your computer is up to. Monitor displays are divided into pixels. The higher the pixel count, the higher the "resolution." Resolutions are measured in Rows x Columns. Common resolution settings are 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1280 x 1024, etc.

Mother board:

The mainboard I which is sometimes called a motherboard. This is usually the largest circuit-board in the computer, and every other component in the computer connects to it.

Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)is usually called either a CPU or just a Processor. The CPU is the brain of the system. It executes all the program code from the operating system and the applications the user runs and processing of data. It sends CPU commands to direct the actions of all the other components in the computer.

Main Memory or Random Access Memory (RAM):

RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory, is the short term memory that the computer uses to keep track of what it's doing. If the computer loses power, anything stored in RAM is lost.

Storage Device:

Computer storage device is any type of hardware that
stores data. The most common type of storage device,
which nearly all computers have, is a hard drive.

INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES:

Input Devices:
Input device is a hardware device that sends information to the computer.

Mouse:

Mouse is a pointer device.The mouse allows an individual to control a pointer in a graphical user
interface (GUI). Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such as opening a program or file and does not require the user to memorize commands.

Digital camera:

A type of camera that stores the pictures or video it takes in electronic format instead of to film.

Web Cam:

A camera connected to a computer that allows anyone connected to the Internet to view still pictures or motion video of a user.

Joystick:

A computer joystick allows an individual to easily navigate an object in a game such as navigating
a plane in a flight simulator.

Keyboard:

One of the main input devices used on a computer, a computer keyboard looks very similar to the
keyboards of electric typewriters, with some additional keys.

Microphone:

Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardware peripheral that allows computer users to input audio into their computers.

Scanner:

Input device that allows a user to take an image and/or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing
the computer to read and/or display the scanned object.

Output Device:
Any peripheral that receives and/or displays output from a computer. Below are some examples of different types of output devices commonly found on a computer.

Monitor:

A monitor is a video display screen. Monitor is also called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) or Video Display Terminal (VDT).

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors:

They are built very similarly to older (tube) television sets. They are heavy, bulky, take up a lot of desk space, and emit radiation.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors:

They are thin and flat. They are light, compact, take up very little desk space emit no known radiation.

Printer:

A printer is an output device responsible for
taking computer data and generating a hard
copy of that data.

Projector:

Speakers:

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