Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh And Today we will Discuss About ORIGIN OF ELECTRIC CHARGE IN ELECTROSTATICS So Let's Start...
It is known that all matter is made up of atoms and molecules, the basic unit being an atom. We also know that every atom consists of a central core called the atomic nucleus, around which negatively charged electrons revolve in circular orbits. Every atom is electrically neutral, containing as many electrons as the number of protons in the nucleus. Thus, even though normally, the materials are electrically neutral, they do contain charges, but their charges are exactly balanced.
The vast amount of charge in an object is usually hidden as the object contains equal amounts of positive charge and negative charge. With such an equality or balance of charge, the object is said to be electrically neutral, i.e., it contains no net charge.
If the positive and negative charges are not in balance, then there is a net charge. Thus, an object is charged if it has a charge imbalance or some net charge. Hence, to electrify or charge a neutral body, we need to add or remove one kind of charge. When we say that a body is charged, we always refer to excess charge or deficit charge.
In solids, some of the electrons are less tightly bound in the atom. These are the charges, which are transferred from one body to the other.
When we rub two insulating substances against each other, we provide energy to overcome friction between them. This energy is used in removing elections from one substance and transferring them to the other. The transfer takes place from the material in which electrons are held less tightly to the material in which electrons are held more tightly, i.e., electrons are transferred from the material whose work function is lower to the material whose work function is higher. Consequently, the material which loses electrons acquires a positive charge and material which gains electrons acquires an equal negative charge. For example, when we rub a glass rod with silk, electrons are transferred from glass rod to silk. The glass rod becomes positively charged and silk acquires an equal negative charge. Thus, charging by rubbing is due to actual transfer of electrons.
The cause of charging is actual transfer of electrons from one material to the other. The insulating material with lower work function loses electrons and becomes positively charged and vice-versa.
Further, as an electron has a mass, howsoever small it may be, therefore there does occur some change in mass on charging. A positively charged body has lost some electrons and hence its mass reduces slightly. On the other hand , a negatively charged body has gained some electrons and hence its mass increases slightly.
Note that in rubbing, the no. of electrons that are transferred, is a very small fraction of the total no. of electrons in the material body. Hence, the charge acquired by friction is a very small fraction of the total positive and negative charge content of the body.
Further, as only the less tightly bound electrons in a material body can be transferred from it to another by rubbing, only under suitable conditions, we have to stick to certain pairs of materials to observe charging on rubbing the bodies.
In the Table, we have listed of objects which get charged on rubbing against each other. They have been divided into two classes, one acquiring positive charge and the other acquiring negative charge on rubbing.
Table: Objects Acquiring Two Kinds Of Charges On Rubbing
Obviously, any two charged objects, in the same column repel each other and any two charged objects from different columns attract each other.
It is known that all matter is made up of atoms and molecules, the basic unit being an atom. We also know that every atom consists of a central core called the atomic nucleus, around which negatively charged electrons revolve in circular orbits. Every atom is electrically neutral, containing as many electrons as the number of protons in the nucleus. Thus, even though normally, the materials are electrically neutral, they do contain charges, but their charges are exactly balanced.
The vast amount of charge in an object is usually hidden as the object contains equal amounts of positive charge and negative charge. With such an equality or balance of charge, the object is said to be electrically neutral, i.e., it contains no net charge.
If the positive and negative charges are not in balance, then there is a net charge. Thus, an object is charged if it has a charge imbalance or some net charge. Hence, to electrify or charge a neutral body, we need to add or remove one kind of charge. When we say that a body is charged, we always refer to excess charge or deficit charge.
In solids, some of the electrons are less tightly bound in the atom. These are the charges, which are transferred from one body to the other.
When we rub two insulating substances against each other, we provide energy to overcome friction between them. This energy is used in removing elections from one substance and transferring them to the other. The transfer takes place from the material in which electrons are held less tightly to the material in which electrons are held more tightly, i.e., electrons are transferred from the material whose work function is lower to the material whose work function is higher. Consequently, the material which loses electrons acquires a positive charge and material which gains electrons acquires an equal negative charge. For example, when we rub a glass rod with silk, electrons are transferred from glass rod to silk. The glass rod becomes positively charged and silk acquires an equal negative charge. Thus, charging by rubbing is due to actual transfer of electrons.
The cause of charging is actual transfer of electrons from one material to the other. The insulating material with lower work function loses electrons and becomes positively charged and vice-versa.
Further, as an electron has a mass, howsoever small it may be, therefore there does occur some change in mass on charging. A positively charged body has lost some electrons and hence its mass reduces slightly. On the other hand , a negatively charged body has gained some electrons and hence its mass increases slightly.
Note that in rubbing, the no. of electrons that are transferred, is a very small fraction of the total no. of electrons in the material body. Hence, the charge acquired by friction is a very small fraction of the total positive and negative charge content of the body.
Further, as only the less tightly bound electrons in a material body can be transferred from it to another by rubbing, only under suitable conditions, we have to stick to certain pairs of materials to observe charging on rubbing the bodies.
In the Table, we have listed of objects which get charged on rubbing against each other. They have been divided into two classes, one acquiring positive charge and the other acquiring negative charge on rubbing.
Table: Objects Acquiring Two Kinds Of Charges On Rubbing
| Positive Charge | Negative Charge | |
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Created By Manjeet Singh...
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