Explanation | Units of Memory In A Computer | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss about Units Of Memory... So Let's Start...

Units of Memory:-

The memory unit is the principal storage of the computer. All the data and instructions that the 
computer needs at a moment are stored here. All storage devices are characterized with the following features:

1. Speed
2. Volatility
3. Access method
4. Portability
5. Cost and capacity

Linking Memory with the other units:

Basic Units of Measurement:

The components of the computer can recognize only two states that is presence or absence of an electrical signal. Two symbols used to represent these two states are 0 and 1, and are known as BITS (an abbreviation for BInary DigiTS). 0 represents the absence of a signal, 1 represents the presence of a signal. A BIT is, therefore, the smallest unit of data in a computer and can either store a 0 or 1.

Since a single bit can store only one of the two values, there can possibly be only four unique combinations:
00 01 10 11
Bits are, therefore, combined together into larger units in order to hold greater range of values. BYTES are typically a sequence of eight bits put together to create a single computer alphabetical or numerical character. More often referred to in larger multiples, bytes may appear as 

Kilobytes (1,024 bytes), 
Megabytes (1,048,576 bytes), 
GigaBytes (1,073,741,824), 
TeraBytes (approx. 1,099,511,000,000 bytes), or PetaBytes (approx. 1,125,899,900,000,000 bytes).

Bytes are used to quantify the amount of data digitally stored (on disks, tapes) or transmitted 
(over the internet), and are also used to measure the memory and document size.

Types of memory:-

Computers use several different types of memory. They are:

1. Main Memory/Primary Memory units:

– Two most important are

• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read-only Memory)

– They work in different ways and perform distinct         functions
– CPU Registers
– Cache Memory

2. Secondary Memory/Auxiliary Memory:

Also termed as ‘auxiliary’ or ‘backup’ storage, it is typically used as a supplement to main storage. It is much cheaper than the main storage and stores large amount of data and instructions permanently. Hardware devices like magnetic tapes, Floppy Disk, 
Hard Disk, Optical disks, Compact Disk (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD) fall under this category.

Computer’s memory can be classified into two types – RAM and ROM.

RAM or Random Access Memory:

It is the central storage unit in a computer system. It is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs and the data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can be accessed by the computer’s processor. The more RAM a computer has, the more data a computer can manipulate.

Random access memory, also called the Read/Write memory, is the temporary memory of a computer. It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible only as long as the computer is on. The contents of RAM are cleared once the computer is turned off.

ROM or Read Only Memory: 

It is a special type of memory which can only be read and contents of which are not lost even when the computer is switched off. It typically contains manufacturer’s instructions. Among other things, ROM also stores an initial program called the ‘bootstrap loader’ whose function is to start the computer software operating, once the power is turned on.

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Introduction to Computers | Anatomy of Computers | Input and Output Devices | Learn About Computers |

Hello Everyone, Am Manjeet Singh and Today we will Discuss about Introduction to Computers, Anatomy of Computers, Input and Output Devices... So Let's Start...

In human affairs we have reached a point where the problems that we must solve are no longer solvable without the aid of computers. I fear not computers but the lack of them. ISAAC ASIMOV

Introduction to Computers:

A computer can be defined as an electronic device capable of processing the data and producing the information.

The computer system essentially comprises three important parts –

1. input device,
2. central processing unit (CPU) and
3. output device.

The CPU itself is made of three components namely,

1. arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
2. memory unit, and
3. control unit.

Components of a computer system:

Central Processing Unit:

On broad basis, a computer performs the following tasks:

Input: 
Sending the data and command to the computer is known as input.

Processing:
Work done by the computer with the help of processing hardware and software to produce results is known as processing.

Output: 
The result displayed by the computer is known as output.

Storage:
A place to save result inside or outside the computer is known as storage.

Anatomy of Computers:
The following are the parts of a desktop computer.

Power Supply:

When you plug your power cable into your computer,
you are actually plugging into a socket in the power
supply unit that has been fitted inside your case. This
component is responsible for converting the 240 volt AC mains power to low voltage DC power needed by
computer components. The power supply generates
+3.3V, +5V, +12V, -5V. These voltages must be constant, right up to the maximum current your system
will draw under load.

Monitor:

Commonly known as a "screen," the monitor gives you a visual display of what your computer is up to. Monitor displays are divided into pixels. The higher the pixel count, the higher the "resolution." Resolutions are measured in Rows x Columns. Common resolution settings are 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1280 x 1024, etc.

Mother board:

The mainboard I which is sometimes called a motherboard. This is usually the largest circuit-board in the computer, and every other component in the computer connects to it.

Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)is usually called either a CPU or just a Processor. The CPU is the brain of the system. It executes all the program code from the operating system and the applications the user runs and processing of data. It sends CPU commands to direct the actions of all the other components in the computer.

Main Memory or Random Access Memory (RAM):

RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory, is the short term memory that the computer uses to keep track of what it's doing. If the computer loses power, anything stored in RAM is lost.

Storage Device:

Computer storage device is any type of hardware that
stores data. The most common type of storage device,
which nearly all computers have, is a hard drive.

INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES:

Input Devices:
Input device is a hardware device that sends information to the computer.

Mouse:

Mouse is a pointer device.The mouse allows an individual to control a pointer in a graphical user
interface (GUI). Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such as opening a program or file and does not require the user to memorize commands.

Digital camera:

A type of camera that stores the pictures or video it takes in electronic format instead of to film.

Web Cam:

A camera connected to a computer that allows anyone connected to the Internet to view still pictures or motion video of a user.

Joystick:

A computer joystick allows an individual to easily navigate an object in a game such as navigating
a plane in a flight simulator.

Keyboard:

One of the main input devices used on a computer, a computer keyboard looks very similar to the
keyboards of electric typewriters, with some additional keys.

Microphone:

Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardware peripheral that allows computer users to input audio into their computers.

Scanner:

Input device that allows a user to take an image and/or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing
the computer to read and/or display the scanned object.

Output Device:
Any peripheral that receives and/or displays output from a computer. Below are some examples of different types of output devices commonly found on a computer.

Monitor:

A monitor is a video display screen. Monitor is also called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) or Video Display Terminal (VDT).

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors:

They are built very similarly to older (tube) television sets. They are heavy, bulky, take up a lot of desk space, and emit radiation.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors:

They are thin and flat. They are light, compact, take up very little desk space emit no known radiation.

Printer:

A printer is an output device responsible for
taking computer data and generating a hard
copy of that data.

Projector:

Speakers:

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